A study from #ProjectGOLIAT shows that  environmental exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in Europe remains below international safety limits but varies by urbanicity, network quality and how the phone is used

A new study led by researchers from the Swiss TPH under the umbrella of Project GOLIAT provides the most comprehensive assessment up to date of environmental and personal exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from 5G networks across ten European countries. The results have been published in Environment International.

The study assessed exposure levels in over 800 different microenvironments — including schools, transport hubs, and residential areas — in both urban and rural settings across Austria, Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, and the UK.

Using backpack-mounted RF exposimeters and mobile phones configured for different usage scenarios (non-use, maximum download, and maximum upload), researchers measured exposure across 35 frequency bands, including key 5G frequencies like 3.5 GHz. Measurements were taken between 2023 and 2024 under real-world conditions.

Environmental levels well below the limits

The first of the scenarios assessed was the non-user mode, in which the researchers’ phones were set in flight mode. With this method, the team assessed environmental exposure to RF-EMF, which in line with previous research, was found to be generally low and remained well below international guidelines.

“We observed that in the non-use scenario exposure was lower in rural areas and tended to increase with urbanisation, something that can be attributed to a higher density of base stations in urban areas”, says Adriana Fernandes Veludo, first author of the study. 

The lowest environmental levels of exposure were registered in those countries with more stringent precautionary levels of RF-EMF, such as Switzerland, Belgium or Italy. 

Higher levels when mobile phones are actively used

The data revealed that exposure to RF-EMF increased substantially when mobile phones were actively used. In the scenario where mobile phones were set to download large files, exposure was -depending on the country- from 2 to to 20 times higher than in the non-use scenario, due to emissions from the phone interacting with the base station. Interestingly, the new 5G bands have been used only in some countries, reflecting country differences in the state of 5G implementation.

Lastly, the highest levels of exposure were registered in the maximum uplink scenario, where phones were set to upload large amounts of data and emitted about 30 cm away from the measurement device. Compared to the non-use scenario, exposure levels were between 9 and 53 times higher, depending on the country. Those with the highest mean levels of exposure were the Netherlands, Italy and Belgium. 

“Unlike in the non-use scenario, in the maximum data upload scenario the highest exposure levels were measured in rural areas, where the network signal quality is poorer and the phones need to emit at higher power to send the data”, says Martin Röösli, researcher at the Swiss TPH and last author of the study. 

It is important to note that in the Netherlands and in Poland 5G services in the 3.5 GHz frequency band were not yet in use at the time of the measurements, in 2023, and have only been launched in 2024. In 2025, the teams are busy collecting new data and it will be possible to evaluate the evolution of 5G exposure levels in Europe, with particular interest in these two countries that now have 5G services available.

Reference
Adriana Fernandes Veludo, Bram Stroobandt, Han Van Bladel, Nekane Sandoval-Diez, Kenneth Deprez, Sam Aerts, Wassim Ben Chikha, Joe Wiart, Zsuzsanna Vecsei, Péter Pál Necz, György Thuróczy, Martina Benini, Marta Bonato, Silvia Gallucci, Gabriella Tognola, Marta Parazzini, Lea Beláčková, Nina Vaupotič, Pawel Mamrot, Magda Marianska, Piotr Politanski, Kinga Polanska, Matthew Stamets, Patricia de Llobet, Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Mònica Guxens, Paige M. Hulls, Frank de Vocht, Wout Joseph, Martin Röösli, Assessing radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in multiple microenvironments across ten European countries with a focus on 5G, Environment International, Volume 200, 2025, 109540, ISSN 0160-4120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109540.